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The term cellular immune response refers to haemocyte-mediated responses, including phagocytosis, nodulation, and encapsulation. In the present study, we identifi ed fi ve types of circulating haemocytes in larvae of the haemolymph of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee), including granulocytes, oenocytoids, plasmatocytes, prohaemocytes, and spherulocytes. The relative number of total free haemocytes per larva decreased signifi cantly 0.5, 24, and 36 h after the injection of Beauveria bassiana conidia. Upon conidia challenge, both phagocytosis and nodulation were observed in the collected haemolymph from O. furnacalis larvae. In addition, plasma was found to be necessary for both phagocytosis and nodulation. Therefore, we here confi rm that phagocytosis and nodulation are involved in O. funacalis larvae during their fi ght against infection by B. bassiana, and further, that the cellular immune response of O. furnacalis helps eliminate the invading organisms despite the fact that not all the fungal conidia are killed. * Both authors contributed equally to this work. ** Corresponding author; e-mail: anchunju@cau.edu.cn INTRODUCTION Insects lack acquired immunity and rely mainly on the well-developed innate immune system to defend against infection by pathogens or parasites (Cherry & Silverman, 2006; Eleftherianos et al., 2010; Jiang et al., 2010; Castillo et al., 2011), comprising both humoral and cellular defense responses (Cherry & Silverman, 2006; Lemaitre & Hoffmann, 2007). The humoral immune response includes antimicrobial peptide synthesis, melanization and coagulation of haemolymph, and the production of reactive intermediates of oxygen and nitrogen (Nappi & Ottaviani, 2000; Cerenius & Soderhall, 2004; Kanost et al., 2004; Mastore et al., 2015b). The term cellular immune response refers to haemocyte-mediated responses, including phagocytosis, nodulation and encapsulation (Lavine & Strand, 2002; Jiravanichpaisal et al., 2006; Mastore et al., 2015a). Upon infection, cellular and humoral immune responses are initiated simultaneously to effi ciently eliminate pathogenic microorganisms. However, despite the present relatively comprehensive understanding of the humoral immune reEur. J. Entomol. 113: 415–422, 2016 doi: 10.14411/eje.2016.054

european journal of entomology

Cellular immune response of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), to infection by the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana