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The dynamism and survival of economic activities in rural areas are true challenges in Europe. Frequently, these areas record depopulation and aging processes; processes that, in turn, exacerbate the economic and environmental vulnerability of these territories. Moreover, as older people give up economic activities and are not replaced by younger populations, many rural municipalities enter an economic stagnation phase. As a result, international immigration has become a key source of economic development. The role of immigrants in stopping (or at least slowing down) depopulation in rural European areas has been widely recognized in the scientific literature. In fact, the arrival of immigrants in rural areas has been a core element of agricultural restrucC. Mendoza, R. Morén-Alegret y R. McAreavey Inmigración internacional y emprendimiento en áreas... 2 • Investigaciones Geográficas • eissn: 2448-7279 • doi: 10.14350/rig. 60172 • ARTÍCULOS • Núm. 104 • Abril • 2021 • e60172 of them native of the study area (nine out of 12), as well as seven mayors of micro-towns of Alt Empordà. The immigrants interviewed are multilingual and highly qualified, allowing them to leverage the economic opportunities of the Alt Empordà labor markets and thus occupy specific niches in local economies that are not filled by local inhabitants. A noteworthy finding is that these immigrants consider that culture, nature, and landscape have an intrinsic (economic) value. In fact, their appreciation of local resources is sometimes a major driver to settle in rural areas. Our research suggests that immigrant entrepreneurs have the ability to re-conceive and rethink the local culture and nature as potential business areas, and recognize unexplored economic opportunities. The entrepreneurs interviewed also acknowledge the relevance of personal networks to the success of their businesses and as sources of well-being (networks involve both long-distance meetings and face-toface relationships, as well as Internet contacts). Given their small size, some towns seem better prepared than cities to develop this kind of personal ties, influencing businesses that are strongly rooted in rural environments. It should be noted that immigrants have other modalities of capital, in addition to social capital (e.g., human or economic capital), allowing them to choose a certain lifestyle and business that may not be available to all residents in the area. This range of available capital contributes to create new types of innovative businesses that, although not large in financial terms or staff hired, can stimulate cross-linked rural development and help strengthen values related to sustainability, community and sense of belonging.

Inmigración internacional y emprendimiento en áreas rurales de España: Dinamismo económico y movilidades en pueblos pequeños del Empordà, Cataluña