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This work represents the determination of the discharge coefficient cd of a window in the Research Centre on Zero Emission Buildings’ (ZEB) Test Cell Laboratory (TCL), located at the campus of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim, Norway, for the later use in building energy performance simulation (BEPS) software. For example, the BEPS program IDA Indoor Climate and Energy (IDA ICE) considers window openings to always be of rectangular shape and the user can only enter the percentage of window area to be opened together with a discharge coefficient cd. By adjusting the cd which depends on the actual shape of the window and whether the opening is used for single-sided natural ventilation or cross ventilation among others, it is possible to approximate other window opening forms such as tilted, pivoted etc. While several studies found the discharge coefficient for large, sharp-edged openings such as windows or doors to be between 0.60 and 0.65 (Cruz & Viegas, 2016; Flourentzou, van der Maas, & Roulet, 1998; Heiselberg, Svidt, & Nielsen, 2001), it is still questionable which value to use for tilted windows. For a subsequent calibration process of a simulation model of the TCL it was necessary to perform measurements for the discharge coefficient which describes flow losses in natural ventilation, based on the research of Heiselberg et al. (2001) in order to quantify airflows through the opened window. Measurements were carried out using Blowerdoor test equipment to determine cd for the TCL’s window. This was done for a tilted window with different opening angles and different pressure differences across the window. By experiment, the mean cd was found to be 0.75. It can be seen that Heiselberg et al. results are slightly higher than the ones obtained in the present work. This is most likely a result of different window shapes (vertical vs. horizontal shape, but both bottom hung) and measurement inaccuracies. The results of these measurements can be used as input to BEPS programs.

Towards validation of a numerical model of a test cell laboratory