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We propose that dACC, AI and caudolateral OFC(clOFC) project to lateralhabenula (LHb) and D2 loop of ventral striatum (VS), forming a functionaladversity processing circuit, directed towards inhibitory avoidance andself-control. This circuit learns what is bad or harmful to us and predictsrisks, to stop us from going/moving for bad or suboptimal choices that decreaseour well-being and survival chances. Proposed dACC role is to generate aWARNING signal when things are going (or might end) bad or wrong to preventnegative consequences: pain, harm, loss or failure. The AI signals about badlow aversive qualities, which make us sick or cause discomfort. These corticalinputs activate directly and indirectly (via D2 loop of VS) the LHb, whichinhibits dopamine and serotonin release (and is reciprocally inhibited by VTA,DRN) to avoid choosing and doing things leading to harm or loss, but also tomake us feel worse, down when overstimulated. We propose that dopamineattenuates the output of the adversity processing circuit, thus decreasinginhibitory avoidance and self-control, while serotonin attenuates dACC, AI,clOFC, D1 loop of VS, LHb, amygdala and pain pathway. Thus, by reciprocalinhibition, by causing dopamine and serotonin suppression - and by beingsuppressed by them, the adversity processing circuit competes with rewardprocessing circuit for control of choice behaviour and affective states. Wepropose stimulating effect of dopamine and calming inhibitory effect ofserotonin on the active avoidance circuit involving amygdala, linked to threatprocessing, anger, fear, self-defense and violences. We describe causes androles of dopamine and serotonin signaling, and mental dysfunctions. We add newidea on vACC role in signaling that we are doing well and in inducingserotonin, when we gain/reach safety, comfort, valuable resources,social/biological rewards, affection or goals.

Reward and adversity processing circuits, their competition and interactions with dopamine and serotonin signaling