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A systematic wind tunnel study is performed to identify the mean and fluctuating loads experienced by a 2D square prism with non-dimensional rounded edges of r/D = 0.16 and covered with hard marine fouling for Reynolds numbers between 70,000 and 8 million. The incidence angle is varied from α=−45◦ to 3.25◦ with increments of 3.25◦ and 6.5◦. The critical angle of incidence, at which a reattachment of the free shear layer takes place on the lateral windward directed side surface, is found at αcr =−6.5◦. For α<αcr two opposite trends – governed by the Reynolds number – of the mean drag coefficient, the r.m.s. of the lift fluctuations, and the Strouhal number are obtained. On the contrary, all aerodynamic parameters are relatively Reynolds-number independent for α > αcr. For the latter angles of incidence, a decrease towards −45◦ induces higher values of CD and the r.m.s. of the lift fluctuations, as well as lower Strouhal numbers and mean lift forces.

Loading on rounded square foundation elements of offshore structures with marine growth at incidence