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USP dissolution Apparatus 4 can have a pulsing or non-pulsing flow, with most commercial apparatus employing a pulsing flow. Overall, a low velocity flow field is present, particularly in the larger 22.6-mm diameter cell. Dissolution data, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and imaging methods are used and discussed to investigate the effects of low velocity pulsing flow on dissolution. Local velocity patterns, density gradients, and the effect of flow rate on particulate dispersion can all contribute to the observed dissolution rate. In silico simulation tools and imaging techniques have proved useful in determining local hydrodynamics and, in some cases, their effect on observed dissolution rates. Methods to investigate concentration gradients at the dissolving surface are required to investigate further the effect of hydrodynamics on the dissolution process. In conclusion, it is necessary to take local flow patterns and velocities into account, rather than overall flow rate alone, when interpreting dissolution rate data in the flow-through apparatus.

Hydrodynamic Complexity Induced by the Pulsing Flow Field in USP Dissolution Apparatus 4