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Combining research into forest management stand conditions and wood supply chain processes hasbeenmissingfromearlierforestrystudies. Thereisaclearneedtodevelopmorecost-efficient  small-diameterwoodproductio n, harvestingandtransportationmethodsfromfirstthinning,  which could be used for either industrial or energy wood purposes. This study considers the total cost for small-diameter wood originating from young Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) dominated stands. Pine pulpwood is the most harvested and most used roundwood assortment, use of which is expected to rise following new pulp-mill investments in Finland. In addition, utilisation of small- diameter trees directly for energy purposes has been increasing steadily in recent years. The aim of the study was to determine the cost-reduction potential of alternative forest management options and supply chains for small diameter-wood in the regional case of South Savo in eastern Finland. Thetotalcostsofthreedistinctscenarioswerestudiedonthebasisofforestmanagement, first- thinning harvesting methods, and transportation: 1) industrial wood, 2) delimbed energy wood, and 3) whole trees for energy purposes. The cost-reduction potential for energy-wood supply chains fromfirstthinningwascomparedtotheindustrialsupplychain. Small-diameterdelimbedwood  deliveredstraightforener gypurposeswasfoundtobethemostcost-efficientasfarasthetotal  costofthesupplychainisconce rned. Morecost-efficientsmall-d iameterwoodprocessescanbe  found by linking forest stand simulations with supply chain analysis.

First-thinning harvesting alternatives for industrial or energy purposes based on regional Scots pine stand simulations in Finland