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‘Lands below the winds’ is a phrase I have borrowed from the title of Anthony Reid’s book,Southeast Asia in the age of commerce 1450–1680, volume one: The lands below the winds. I am not very sure if there is a Malay word for this phrase because Reid quoted the phrase from ibn Muhammad Ibrahim’sThe ship of Sulaiman (translated from the Persian by J O’Kane and published by Routledge and Kegan Paul in 1972). Translating the phrase into Indonesian then perhaps will read as tanah dibawah angin or wilayah/daerah yang terletak di bawah angin. This phrase connotes a vast area known also as the Malay world that might now be called Southeast Asia.2 The problems of language translation can have serious implication in our discussions and eventually our understanding of what constitutes the ‘Malay world’, ‘Malay’ and ‘Malayness’.3This translation problem was recently raised by Barnard and Maier in Contesting Malayness (2004: x) in which they noted that ‘Malay’ and ‘Maleis’, terms that are used in English and Dutch literatures respectively, are in fact defective translations of ‘Melayu’.

Flows and Movements in the Lands below the Winds