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Background and Aim:   Salmonellosis  is an important food-borne and zoonotic disease with high morbidity and mortality rates. The objectives of this study were to isolate, serotype, and genetically characterize  Salmonella  spp. from Zarqa river and King Talal dam waters, vegetables irrigated by such waters, and manure of poultry and livestock farms located in the Zarqa river basin in Jordan. In addition, certain virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance patterns of isolated  Salmonella  strains were determined.    Materials and Methods:  A total of 250 samples were cultured using routine microbiological methods. Suspected  Salmonella  spp. were identified based on colony morphology and confirmed using biochemical and molecular methods. Virulence genes including  invA, stn, and pCT  plasmid were detected using multiplex PCR. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).    Results:  In total, 32/250 (12.8%)  Salmonella  spp. isolates were recovered from different sources. Of these, the most common serotype was  Salmonella  subspecies 1 (23 isolates), followed by  Salmonella enterica  serovar Typhimurium (4 isolates),  Salmonella enterica  serovar Typhi (3 isolates), and finally  Salmonella enterica  serovar Enteritidis (2 isolates). The PFGE indicated that  Salmonella enterica  serovar Typhimurium isolated from poultry manure and from parsley were closely related (84.6%).  Salmonella enterica  serovar Enteritidis isolated from the dam water was closely related to  Salmonella enterica  serovar Enteritidis isolated from spearmint (73.8%).  Salmonella enterica  serovar Typhi isolated from the river and dam water were 100% related to  Salmonella enterica  serovar Typhi isolated from lettuce. In the antimicrobial sensitivity test, 14 out of 32 (43.8%) isolated  Salmonella  strains were resistant to two or more of the major antimicrobial agent groups. However, the majority of isolates were sensitive to ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, cefuroxime, and gentamicin (97%, 93.8%, and 87.5%, 84.4%, respectively). All isolates were resistant to erythromycin and amoxicillin.    Conclusion:  Results of this study indicate a serious potential threat to public health associated with consuming leafy green vegetables grown on the banks of Zarqa river and its dam because of widespread  Salmonella  spp. contamination. Appropriate monitoring of irrigation water must be applied to reduce the possibility of cross-contamination.

Molecular characterization of Salmonella spp. isolates from river and dam water, irrigated vegetables, livestock, and poultry manures in Jordan