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Background and Aim:  The Sunda pangolin ( Manis javanica ) is on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species (critically endangered) due to high levels of illegal trafficking for its products. Thailand is one of the habitats of this species, and it has become the main hub for its illegal trafficking. Rehabilitating these captive pangolins and reintroducing them back to the wild are challenging due to the limited knowledge on their diet, management, and diseases. Hemoparasites, including  Babesia  spp., can cause important protozoal infections in both domestic and wild animals, resulting in the failure of rehabilitation and conservation programs. However,  Babesia  spp. has not been reported in pangolins. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of  Babesia  spp. in the Sunda pangolin of Thailand.    Materials and Methods:  A total of 128 confiscated Sunda pangolins from across different regions in Thailand were investigated. These pangolins had been admitted to a regional Wildlife Quarantine Center for rehabilitation before release in the forest. Routine physical examinations were conducted on the animals. We collected blood samples from each pangolin for hematological analysis and to detect  Babesia  spp. using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the partial  18s rRN A gene.    Results:   Babesia -specific PCR detected 53 animals (41.4%) that were positive for  Babesia  spp. Blood smears were obtained from the positive samples and investigated under a light microscope to observe for trophozoites of  Babesia  spp. Examination of 40 PCR-positive and -negative samples found no significant differences between the hematological parameters of  Babesia -positive and  Babesia -negative samples. Eight PCR-positive samples were randomly selected and their DNA was sequenced. Seven and one of sequences match uncharacterized  Babesia  spp. with 100% and 99.2% similarity, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that our samples form a unique monophyletic clade along with other  Babesia  spp. detected in the wild. This clade is clearly separated from other  Babesia  spp. from small carnivores, ruminants, and rats.    Conclusion:  Our results provide evidence of infection of Sunda pangolins in Thailand by  Babesia  spp. These pangolins originated from different regions and had not lived together before blood collection. Thus, we suggest that the uncharacterized  Babesia  spp. found in this study constitute a new group of pangolin-specific  Babesia  spp. The prevalence of the uncharacterized  Babesia  spp. was not correlated to pangolin health. Further studies are required to characterize the genomes and phenotypes, including the morphology and pathogenicity of these protozoa. Such information will be helpful for the conservation and health management of the Sunda pangolin.

First report on detection of Babesia spp. in confiscated Sunda pangolins (Manis javanica) in Thailand