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Background and Aim:  Sudanese desert sheep encompass different sheep breeds named according to the different Sudanese tribes that rear them such as the Dubasi, Shugor, and Watish sheep. The objectives of this study were to screen for  G1  point mutation in the polymorphic growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) gene, investigate its association with litter size, and construct the phylogeny of the different tribal breeds that belong to the Sudanese Desert sheep tribal types.    Materials and Methods:  Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood of three tribal Desert sheep breeds (Dubasi, Watish, and Shugor) using the guanidine chloride method. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism with  HhaI  restriction enzyme and sequencing techniques was used for genotyping the  GDF9  locus for possible mutations associated with litter size in the three desert sheep tribal types.    Results:   G1  mutation in  GDF9  caused the replacement of Arginine by Histidine at residue 87. The wild type allele (A) had the highest frequency, whereas the mutant type allele (a) had the lowest in all the sequenced subtypes. The genotype frequencies of the wild type ewes (AA) were higher than the heterozygous (Aa) and the mutant type (aa) frequencies in the three studied desert sheep types. No significant differences were found in the allele frequency between the three tribal types. Litter size was significantly influenced by the genotypes of  GDF9  gene, parities, and subtypes (p≤0.01, 0.01, and 0.05, respectively). In the Watish sheep type, heterozygous sheep in their second parity recorded the highest litter size. Sequence alignment of  GDF9  gene samples with the database entry indicated that all three tribal types were similar and identical to the reference sequence. The phylogenetic tree revealed that Shugor is the common ancestor of the studied types and Watish is more closely related to Shugor than Dubasi. This result mi ght partly explain the lower reproductive performance of Dubasi compared to Watish and Shugor.    Conclusion:  The presence of one copy of  GDF9  gene increased litter size in the studied Sudanese Desert sheep. This locus may be used as a biomarker for litter size improvement through genotypic selection and allele or gene introgression.

G1 point mutation in growth differentiation factor 9 gene affects litter size in Sudanese desert sheep