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From the late 1920s to the early 1950s, cosmic rays were the main instrumentto investigate what we now call "high-energy physics". In approximately 25years, an intense experimental and theoretical work brought particle physicsfrom its childhood to its maturity. The data collected at that time played acrucial role in order to outline the quantum theories of fundamentalinteractions - electromagnetic, weak and strong - and they were an excellenttraining field for many young scientists. The knowledge acquired on cosmic raysconstituted the basis of the extraordinary progresses that were to be achievedin fundamental physics with the introduction of particles accelerators.  Many papers on this subject have already been published, both by historiansand by the scientists who personally worked at that time. However, a completehistorical reconstruction of those 25 years of cosmic-ray researches has notbeen written yet. In particular, an overall description of the researchescarried out with the contributions of Italian physicists is still missing. Thepresent paper tries to outline such a description, taking into account the factthat in those very years, for scientific and non scientific reasons, physicsresearches were getting organised within international collaborations. Withoutpretending to be exhaustive at all, we would like this paper to be a stimulusfor further researches on the subject.

The Italian contributions to cosmic-ray physics from Bruno Rossi to the G-Stack. A new window into the inexhaustible wealth of nature