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The black-ringed red spots of the red-spotted newt, Notophfha/mus v. viridescens, consist of a three-cell-type epidermaldermal chromatophore pattern composed of epidermal erythrophores underlaid with dermal iridophores which are surrounded by a ring of dermal melanophores. Throughout the skin of the dorsum there are scattered epidermal melanophores and scattered dermal iridophores and melanophores (Forbes et a/., 1973). In this open-ended laboratory exercise, students create fullthickness skin wounds on the dorsum of adult newts and follow early (24 h), and perhaps later(weeks to months), healing of the wounds. An interesting aspect of this system for short term observation is that the leading edge of the wound-healing epithelium, as well as epidermal melanophores, can be visualized with a dissecting microscope. The melanophores in the migrating epithelium serve as naturally marked cells. Students can observe clearly the complete re-epithelialization of a one-by-two mm rectangularwound in less than twenty-four hours. Furthermore, jf the wound is made near one of the black-bordered red spots or between two closely spaced spots, the (epidermal) erythrophores of the spot(s) are carried into the wound epithelium allowing one to follow individual large bright red cells as wound epithelialization occurs (Zaccaria, unpub. obs.) (Figs. 1 and 2). In long term observation, such migrated erythrophores attract (dermal) iridophores which can be seen individually to migrate into the wound area (Fig. 2), and to come to reside in the dermis directly beneath the erythrophores. This takes a few weeks and is a striking in vivo demonstration of directed cell migration. Under even longer term observation, about two months, dermal melanophores migrate into the area of the wound and cluster around this epidermal-dermal erythrophore-iridophore association, thus creating a three-cell-type chromatophore pattern which

A laboratory classroom exercise: cell migration in cutaneous wound healing and pigmentary pattern formation in the red-spotted newt.