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Few studies have addressed the molecular differences that exist between muscles of the body and those of the craniofacial apparatus. In this study, we characterize the molecular events associated with determination and differentiation of the tongue musculature. We assess the expression of myogenic regulatory factors as well as the developmentally regulated myosin heavy chain, (MHC), genes which serve as markers of differentiation. These results suggest that tongue and limb muscle form by distinct molecular pathways. The myoblasts that contribute to the formation of the tongue preferentially express Myf-5 during myoblast determination rather than MyoD. Subsequently, isolated regions of myogenin expression mark the differentiation of first, the small primary myofibers and later, the larger secondary myofibers. Analysis of differentiation markers demonstrates that the tongue muscle also assumes a unique profile of MHC expression as compared to that of the muscles of the body. Unlike the myoblasts of the developing limb, which express embryonic and neonatal forms of MHC and later express MHC-slow, the tongue myoblasts co-express MHC-embryonic, MHC-slow and MHC-fast isoforms from gestational age E12. Proteins for MHC embryonic and MHC fast isoforms are detected almost simultaneously. Interestingly, MHC-slow transcripts do not appear to be translated into a detectable MHC slow protein at any developmental stage assayed. These results provide further evidence to suggest that skeletal tongue muscle represents a myoblast lineage that develops differently than the limb.

Murine tongue muscle displays a distinct developmental profile of MRF and contractile gene expression.