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A pathogen’s effectome (sometimes also referred to as effectorome) is the repertoire of all its effector proteins (Fig 1A). To date, most effector proteins are studied individually, omitting the broader context in which they function as the effectome. Size and composition of effectomes vary greatly between pathogens, including at the intraspecific level, ranging from as little as 4 in Erwinia amylovora to hundreds of effector proteins per isolate in some fungi, nematodes, and oomycetes (Fig 2A) [5–14]. These differences influence pathogen’s virulence, lifestyle, and host range [15–17]. Known effector functions are the result of a combination of experimental approaches, often low throughput and based on in vitro or heterologous systems (Figs 1B, 2C and 2D) [18–21]. Some effectome-scale screens have been conducted, but these are still a compilation of individual effectors studies and thus present the same limitations as smaller-scale studies [22–28].

From effectors to effectomes: Are functional studies of individual effectors enough to decipher plant pathogen infectious strategies?