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Anthrax is a major zoonotic disease of wildlife, and in places like West Africa, it can be caused by  Bacillus anthracis  in arid nonsylvatic savannahs, and by  B .  cereus  biovar  anthracis  (Bcbva) in sylvatic rainforests. Bcbva-caused anthrax has been implicated in as much as 38% of mortality in rainforest ecosystems, where insects can enhance the transmission of anthrax-causing bacteria. While anthrax is well-characterized in mammals, its transmission by insects points to an unidentified anthrax-resistance mechanism in its vectors. In mammals, a secreted anthrax toxin component, 83 kDa Protective Antigen (PA 83 ), binds to cell-surface receptors and is cleaved by furin into an evolutionary-conserved PA 20  and a pore-forming PA 63  subunits. We show that PA 20  increases the resistance of  Drosophila  flies and  Culex  mosquitoes to bacterial challenges, without directly affecting the bacterial growth. We further show that the PA 83  loop known to be cleaved by furin to release PA 20  from PA 63  is, in part, responsible for the PA 20 -mediated protection. We found that PA 20  binds directly to the Toll activating peptidoglycan-recognition protein-SA (PGRP-SA) and that the Toll/NF-κB pathway is necessary for the PA 20 -mediated protection of infected flies. This effect of PA 20  on innate immunity may also exist in mammals: we show that PA 20  binds to human PGRP-SA ortholog. Moreover, the constitutive activity of Imd/NF-κB pathway in MAPKK Dsor1 mutant flies is sufficient to confer the protection from bacterial infections in a manner that is independent of PA 20  treatment. Lastly,  Clostridium septicum  alpha toxin protects flies from anthrax-causing bacteria, showing that other pathogens may help insects resist anthrax. The mechanism of anthrax resistance in insects has direct implications on insect-mediated anthrax transmission for wildlife management, and with potential for applications, such as reducing the sensitivity of pollinating insects to bacterial pathogens.

Anthrax toxin component, Protective Antigen, protects insects from bacterial infections