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Metabolite-based detection of aspergillosis Aspergillosis is a group of diseases caused by the inhalation of ubiquitous Aspergillus spores, generally Aspergillus fumigatus [1], that evade the host immune system [2]. Its most aggressive form, invasive aspergillosis (IA), carries a particularly grim prognosis in immunocompromised patients [2]. High mortality and the associated socioeconomic burden [3] necessitate early, accurate, and sensitive detection of Aspergillus infection. Many clinical diagnostic tests are available [4]; however, the identification of improved methods for the detection of aspergillosis is still an active field of research. Pathogens possess a rich metabolism and a vast array of secondary metabolites, many unique to their species, that constitute a pathogen “fingerprint” [5]. Pathogens can leave their imprint on the host in other ways; for instance, host–pathogen interactions can alter the host’s own metabolome, leaving a “signature” of the disease caused by the pathogen [6]. Detecting metabolic evidence of the pathogen’s presence underlies several emerging methods of disease diagnosis. Due to the absence of an ideal diagnostic test, we have seen new applications of metabolite detection for Aspergillus in recent years. Methods include detection of gliotoxin [7,8] and siderophores [9], siderophore uptake [10,11], volatile organic compounds (VOCs) [12–14], and changes to the host’s metabolome in serum [15]. Although still at the research stage, all of these techniques offer distinct advantages for aspergillosis detection (Table 1).

Novel cutting-edge metabolite-based diagnostic tools for aspergillosis