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Metal acquisition is crucial for all cells and for the virulence of many bacterial pathogens. In particular, nickel is a virulence determinant for the human gastric pathogen  Helicobacter pylori  as it is the cofactor of two enzymes essential for  in vivo  colonization, urease and a [NiFe] hydrogenase. To import nickel despite its scarcity in the human body,  H .  pylori  requires efficient uptake mechanisms that are only partially defined. Indeed, alternative ways of nickel entry were predicted to exist in addition to the well-described NixA permease. Using a genetic screen, we identified an ABC transporter, that we designated NiuBDE, as a novel  H .  pylori  nickel transport system. Unmarked mutants carrying deletions of  nixA ,  niuD  and/or  niuB , were constructed and used to measure (i) tolerance to toxic nickel exposure, (ii) intracellular nickel content by ICP-OES, (iii) transport of radioactive nickel and (iv) expression of a reporter gene controlled by nickel concentration. We demonstrated that NiuBDE and NixA function separately and are the sole nickel transporters in  H .  pylori . NiuBDE, but not NixA, also transports cobalt and bismuth, a metal currently used in  H .  pylori  eradication therapy. Both NiuBDE and NixA participate in nickel-dependent urease activation at pH 5 and survival under acidic conditions mimicking those encountered in the stomach. However, only NiuBDE is able to carry out this activity at neutral pH and is essential for colonization of the mouse stomach. Phylogenomic analyses indicated that both  nixA  and  niuBDE  genes have been acquired via horizontal gene transfer by the last common ancestor of the gastric  Helicobacter  species. Our work highlights the importance of this evolutionary event for the emergence of  Helicobacter  gastric species that are adapted to the hostile environment of the stomach where the capacity of  Helicobacter  to import nickel and thereby activate urease needs to be optimized.

plos pathogens

Characterization in Helicobacter pylori of a Nickel Transporter Essential for Colonization That Was Acquired during Evolution by Gastric Helicobacter Species