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The Asian soybean rust fungus,  Phakopsora pachyrhizi , is an obligate biotrophic pathogen causing severe soybean disease epidemics. Molecular mechanisms by which  P .  pachyrhizi  and other rust fungi interact with their host plants are poorly understood. The genomes of all rust fungi encode many small, secreted cysteine-rich proteins (SSCRP). While these proteins are thought to function within the host, their roles are completely unknown. Here, we present the characterization of  P .  pachyrhizi  effector candidate 23 ( Pp EC23), a SSCRP that we show to suppress plant immunity. Furthermore, we show that  Pp EC23 interacts with soybean transcription factor  Gm SPL12l and that soybean plants in which  GmSPL12l  is silenced have constitutively active immunity, thereby identifying  Gm SPL12l as a negative regulator of soybean defenses. Collectively, our data present evidence for a virulence function of a rust SSCRP and suggest that  Pp EC23 is able to suppress soybean immune responses and physically interact with soybean transcription factor  Gm SPL12l, a negative immune regulator.

A Small Cysteine-Rich Protein from the Asian Soybean Rust Fungus, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, Suppresses Plant Immunity