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Yersinia pestis , the causative agent of plague, is typically transmitted by the bite of an infected flea. Many aspects of mammalian innate immune response early after  Y .  pestis  infection remain poorly understood. A previous study by our lab showed that neutrophils are the most prominent cell type recruited to the injection site after intradermal needle inoculation of  Y .  pestis , suggesting that neutrophil interactions with  Y .  pestis  may be important in bubonic plague pathogenesis. In the present study, we developed new tools allowing for intravital microscopy of  Y .  pestis  in the dermis of an infected mouse after transmission by its natural route of infection, the bite of an infected flea. We found that uninfected flea bites typically induced minimal neutrophil recruitment. The magnitude of neutrophil response to flea-transmitted  Y .  pestis  varied considerably and appeared to correspond to the number of bacteria deposited at the bite site. Macrophages migrated towards flea bite sites and interacted with small numbers of flea-transmitted bacteria. Consistent with a previous study, we observed minimal interaction between  Y .  pestis  and dendritic cells; however, dendritic cells did consistently migrate towards flea bite sites containing  Y .  pestis . Interestingly, we often recovered viable  Y .  pestis  from the draining lymph node (dLN) 1 h after flea feeding, indicating that the migration of bacteria from the dermis to the dLN may be more rapid than previously reported. Overall, the innate cellular host responses to flea-transmitted  Y .  pestis  differed from and were more variable than responses to needle-inoculated bacteria. This work highlights the importance of studying the interactions between fleas,  Y .  pestis  and the mammalian host to gain a better understanding of the early events in plague pathogenesis.

Dermal Neutrophil, Macrophage and Dendritic Cell Responses to Yersinia pestis Transmitted by Fleas