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The human body harbors trillions of microorganisms—a rich and diverse microbiota that plays key roles in human health and disease. All three domains of life—eukaryotes, archaea, and bacteria—are represented in this large assembly of microbes. Among eukaryotes, fungi are particularly prominent residents of the human body. For example, 101 species belonging to 85 fungal genera have been found in the oral cavity of healthy people [1]. Similarly, .200 fungal species (half of them novel or unnamed) representing at least 50 genera have been found in the murine gut [2]. By comparison, there are ,150 bacterial species (or phylotypes) inhabiting the mouths of healthy individuals [3] and ,500–1000 bacterial species in their intestines [4,5]. Although the methodologies differ, as do the classification schemes, it seems that the taxonomical diversity of the fungal component of the microbiota may not be so different from its bacterial counterpart, even though the latter has been much more heavily catalogued. With the exception of a handful of species, however, very little is known about the biology of the members of the human ‘‘mycobiome’’ (i.e., fungal microbiome) and even less about the interactions that they establish with the human host. In this review we focus on the most widely studied fungus that inhabits the human body, Candida albicans. Most, if not all, healthy adults carry this species asymptomatically in their gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Despite its status as a commensal microorganism, C. albicans is also a leading cause of mucosal disease in healthy hosts and systemic, life-threatening infections in individuals with debilitated immune systems, such as AIDS patients or people receiving chemotherapy. Not surprisingly, it is this ‘‘virulent’’ or ‘‘pathogenic’’ facet of C. albicans that has traditionally received the most attention from researchers. More recently, however, several laboratories have begun to explore the tactics that the fungus uses to proliferate in its more common niche, the mammalian gut. These studies have uncovered unexpected connections between the commensal and pathogenic lifestyles. We highlight some of these findings here.

Regulatory Circuits That Enable Proliferation of the Fungus Candida albicans in a Mammalian Host