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The potato late blight pathogen  Phytophthora infestans  secretes an array of effector proteins thought to act in its hosts by disarming defences and promoting pathogen colonisation. However, little is known about the host targets of these effectors and how they are manipulated by the pathogen. This work describes the identification of two putative membrane-associated NAC transcription factors (TF) as the host targets of the RxLR effector PITG_03192 (Pi03192). The effector interacts with  N AC  T argeted by   P hytophthora  (NTP) 1 and NTP2 at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, where these proteins are localised. Transcripts of  NTP1  and  NTP2  rapidly accumulate following treatment with culture filtrate (CF) from  in vitro  grown  P. infestans , which acts as a mixture of  Phytophthora  PAMPs and elicitors, but significantly decrease during  P. infestans  infection, indicating that pathogen activity may prevent their up-regulation. Silencing of  NTP1  or  NTP2  in the model host plant  Nicotiana benthamiana  increases susceptibility to  P. infestans , whereas silencing of  Pi03192  in  P. infestans  reduces pathogenicity. Transient expression of Pi03192  in planta  restores pathogenicity of the  Pi03192- silenced line. Moreover, colonisation by the  Pi03192- silenced line is significantly enhanced on  N. benthamiana  plants in which either  NTP1  or  NTP2  have been silenced. StNTP1 and StNTP2 proteins are released from the ER membrane following treatment with  P. infestans  CF and accumulate in the nucleus, after which they are rapidly turned over by the 26S proteasome. In contrast, treatment with the defined PAMP flg22 fails to up-regulate  NTP1  and  NTP2 , or promote re-localisation of their protein products to the nucleus, indicating that these events follow perception of a component of CF that appears to be independent of the FLS2/flg22 pathway. Importantly, Pi03192 prevents CF-triggered re-localisation of StNTP1 and StNTP2 from the ER into the nucleus, revealing a novel effector mode-of-action to promote disease progression.

plos pathogens

An RxLR Effector from Phytophthora infestans Prevents Re-localisation of Two Plant NAC Transcription Factors from the Endoplasmic Reticulum to the Nucleus