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The ability of  Legionella pneumophila  to proliferate within various protozoa in the aquatic environment and in macrophages indicates a remarkable evolution and microbial exploitation of evolutionarily conserved eukaryotic processes. Ankyrin B (AnkB) of  L. pneumophila  is a non-canonical F-box-containing protein, and is the only known Dot/Icm-translocated effector of  L. pneumophila  essential for intra-vacuolar proliferation within both macrophages and protozoan hosts. We show that the F-box domain of AnkB and the  9 L 10 P conserved residues are essential for intracellular bacterial proliferation and for rapid acquisition of polyubiquitinated proteins by the  Legionella -containing vacuole (LCV) within macrophages,  Dictyostelium discoideum , and  Acanthamoeba . Interestingly, translocation of AnkB and recruitment of polyubiquitinated proteins in macrophages and  Acanthamoeba  is rapidly triggered by extracellular bacteria within 5 min of bacterial attachment. Ectopically expressed AnkB within mammalian cells is localized to the periphery of the cell where it co-localizes with host SKP1 and recruits polyubiquitinated proteins, which results in restoration of intracellular growth to the  ankB  mutant similar to the parental strain. While an ectopically expressed AnkB- 9 L 10 P/AA variant is localized to the cell periphery, it does not recruit polyubiquitinated proteins and fails to trans-rescue the  ankB  mutant intracellular growth defect. Direct  in vivo  interaction of AnkB but not the AnkB- 9 L 10 P/AA variant with the host SKP1 is demonstrated. Importantly, RNAi-mediated silencing of expression of SKP1 renders the cells non-permissive for intracellular proliferation of  L. pneumophila . The role of AnkB in exploitation of the polyubiquitination machinery is essential for intrapulmonary bacterial proliferation in the mouse model of Legionnaires' disease. Therefore, AnkB exhibits a novel molecular and functional mimicry of eukaryotic F-box proteins that exploits conserved polyubiquitination machinery for intracellular proliferation within evolutionarily distant hosts.

Molecular Mimicry by an F-Box Effector of Legionella pneumophila Hijacks a Conserved Polyubiquitination Machinery within Macrophages and Protozoa