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The Neotropical invasive plant  Chromolaena odorata  R.M. King and H. Robinson (Asteraceae) is a serious weed in West and Central Africa and two biological control agents that have been introduced into West Africa to help reduce its impacts on agriculture and biodiversity, have established. The stem-galling fly,  Cecidochares connexa  (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae), has spread widely across West Africa since its release in only Côte d’Ivoire, occurring in six countries. This study aimed to investigate whether the gall fly had spread further across West Africa and into Central Africa. Here, we surveyed  C .  odorata  for  C .  connexa  galls in Cameroon between October 2018 and October 2020, along roadsides, on farms, residential areas, and abandoned plots, encompassing various vegetation types. Additional surveys were conducted across four countries (Ghana, Togo, Benin Republic and Nigeria) in West Africa that we considered the probable pathway for the spread of the gall fly into Central Africa.  Cecidochares connexa  was present at five of the six locations surveyed in Cameroon, albeit in varying abundance. In Africa, these findings represent the first-ever report of  C .  connexa  outside of West Africa. In West Africa, we recorded significant expansion in the geographic range of  C .  connexa , as reflected in the absent-present record of  C .  connexa  in two locations in Nigeria and one in Ghana, as well as its occurrence in all locations surveyed in Benin Republic and Togo. Clearly, Ghana, Togo, Benin Republic and Nigeria served as the dispersal pathway of  C .  connexa  from the release sites in Côte d’Ivoire into Cameroon, covering over 2,300 km. Following the spread and establishment of  C .  connexa  into Cameroon, we anticipate that it will continue to spread further into other parts of Central Africa which are climatically suitable.  Cecidochares connexa  is currently the only biological control agent for  C .  odorata  in Central Africa. Given that it has significantly reduced populations of  C .  odorata  in other countries where it has established, it is expected to have a similar impact in Central Africa.

plos one

Marching across and beyond West Africa: First record of the stem-galling fly Cecidochares connexa (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Central Africa and the implications for biological control of Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae)