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The Dead Sea Scrolls are tangible evidence of the Bible's ancient scribalculture. Palaeography - the study of ancient handwriting - can provide accessto this scribal culture. However, one of the problems of traditionalpalaeography is to determine writer identity when the writing style is nearuniform. This is exemplified by the Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsaa). To this end,we used pattern recognition and artificial intelligence techniques to innovatethe palaeography of the scrolls regarding writer identification and to pioneerthe microlevel of individual scribes to open access to the Bible's ancientscribal culture. Although many scholars believe that 1QIsaa was written by onescribe, we report new evidence for a breaking point in the series of columns inthis scroll. Without prior assumption of writer identity, based on point cloudsof the reduced-dimensionality feature-space, we found that columns from thefirst and second halves of the manuscript ended up in two distinct zones ofsuch scatter plots, notably for a range of digital palaeography tools, eachaddressing very different featural aspects of the script samples. In asecondary, independent, analysis, now assuming writer difference and using yetanother independent feature method and several different types of statisticaltesting, a switching point was found in the column series. A clear phasetransition is apparent around column 27. Given the statistically significantdifferences between the two halves, a tertiary, post-hoc analysis wasperformed. Demonstrating that two main scribes were responsible for the GreatIsaiah Scroll, this study sheds new light on the Bible's ancient scribalculture by providing new, tangible evidence that ancient biblical texts werenot copied by a single scribe only but that multiple scribes could closelycollaborate on one particular manuscript.

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Artificial intelligence based writer identification generates new  evidence for the unknown scribes of the Dead Sea Scrolls exemplified by the  Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsaa)