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The current paradigm for biomedical research and drug testing postulates that  in vitro  and  in silico  data inform animal studies that will subsequently inform human studies. Recent evidence points out that animal studies have made a poor contribution to current knowledge of Major Depressive Disorder, whereas the contribution of  in vitro  and  in silico  studies to animal studies- within this research area- is yet to be properly quantified. This quantification is important since biomedical research and drug discovery and development includes two steps of knowledge transferability and we need to evaluate the effectiveness of both in order to properly implement 3R principles (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement). Here, we used the citation tracking facility within Web of Science to locate citations of original research papers on  in vitro  and  in silico  related to MDD published identified in PubMed by relevant search terms. 67 publications describing target papers were located. Both  in vitro  and  in silico  papers are more cited by human medical papers than by animal papers. The results suggest that, at least concerning MDD research, the current two steps of knowledge transferability are not being followed, indicating a poor compliance with the 3R principles.

Are in vitro and in silico approaches used appropriately for animal-based major depressive disorder research?