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Probiotic bacteria have the ability to modulate host immune responses and have potent therapeutic functional effects against several diseases, including inflammatory diseases. However, beneficial effects of probiotics are strain specific and their interactions with host immune cells to modulate inflammatory response are largely unknown. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), which are the first line of defense against invading pathogens, and connects between commensals/probiotics and immune system; therefore, in this study, we used human IECs to assess the probiotic effects of three selected  Lactobacillus  strains  in vitro . An HT-29 colonic epithelial cell and HT-29/blood mononuclear cells co-culture system were stimulated with  Lactobacillus  followed by  Salmonella  for different hours, after which the mRNA level of cytokines, β-defensin-2 and negative regulators for TLR signaling and protein levels of ZO-1 and IκB-α were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis.  L .  brevis  decreased  Salmonella  induced IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 and IL-1β levels, whereas  L .  pentosus  suppressed IL-6 and MCP-1 in HT-29 cells. Moreover,  L .  brevis  was able to increase the mRNA levels of A20, Tollip, SIGIRR and IRAKM, while  L .  pentosus  reduced the levels of A20, and IRAKM in response to  Salmonella . In addition, decrease in protein level of TNF-α and increase in mRNA level of IL-10 was observed in  L .  brevis  and  L .  pentosus  treated HT-29 cells.  Lactobacillus  strains were differentially modulated ZO-1 and p-IκB-α in HT-29 cells treated with  Salmonella . Overall, the results of this study indicate that  Lactobacillus  strains attenuate  Salmonella  induced inflammatory responses through beneficial modulation of TLR negative regulators and the NF-κB pathway.

Beneficial effect of immunobiotic strains on attenuation of Salmonella induced inflammatory response in human intestinal epithelial cells