English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Background  Entropy is a thermodynamic variable statistically correlated with the disorder of a system. The hypothesis that entropy can be used to identify potentially unhealthy conditions was first suggested by Schrödinger, one of the founding fathers of quantum mechanics. Shannon later defined entropy as the quantity of information stored in a system. Shannon’s entropy has the advantage of being adaptable across a variety of disciplines, including genetic studies on complex immunogenetic systems such as the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) systems.    Methods  In our study, entropy associated to the HLA and KIR systems was compared between a cohort of 619 Sardinian healthy controls and a group of 270 patients affected by multiple sclerosis (MS), the latter stratified into 81 patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) and 189 patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS).    Results  The entropy associated to HLA four-loci haplotypes (A, B, C, DR) and combinations of two inhibitory KIR genes was significantly higher in patients affected by RRMS than in healthy controls. No significant differences were observed for patients with PPMS. By calculating the total HLA and KIR entropy ratio in each subject, it was possible to determine the individual risk of developing MS, particularly RRMS.    Conclusions  In addition to the standard statistical methods used to evaluate immunogenetic parameters associated to immune-mediated disease, the analysis of entropy measures the global disorder status deriving from these parameters. This innovative approach may represent a useful complementary tool to the risk assessment of immune-mediated disorders. Improved risk assessment is particularly important for family members of patients with MS. However, further investigation is warranted to confirm our findings and to evaluate the validity of the entropy-based method in other types of immune-mediated disorders.

plos one

Entropy of human leukocyte antigen and killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor systems in immune-mediated disorders: A pilot study on multiple sclerosis