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Type 1 secretion systems (T1SSs) are broadly distributed among bacteria and translocate effectors with diverse function across the bacterial cell membrane.  Legionella pneumophila , the species most commonly associated with Legionellosis, encodes a T1SS at the  lssXYZABD  locus which is responsible for the secretion of the virulence factor RtxA. Many investigations have failed to detect  lssD , the gene encoding the membrane fusion protein of the RtxA T1SS, in non- pneumophila Legionella , which has led to the assumption that this system is a virulence factor exclusively possessed by  L .  pneumophila . Here we discovered RtxA and its associated T1SS in a novel  Legionella taurinensis  strain, leading us to question whether this system may be more widespread than previously thought. Through a bioinformatic analysis of publicly available data, we classified and determined the distribution of four T1SSs including the RtxA T1SS and four novel T1SSs among diverse  Legionella  spp. The ABC transporter of the novel  Legionella  T1SS  Legionella  repeat protein secretion system shares structural similarity to those of diverse T1SS families, including the alkaline protease T1SS in  Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The  Legionella  bacteriocin (1–3) secretion systems T1SSs are novel putative bacteriocin transporting T1SSs as their ABC transporters include C-39 peptidase domains in their N-terminal regions, with LB2SS and LB3SS likely constituting a nitrile hydratase leader peptide transport T1SSs. The LB1SS is more closely related to the colicin V T1SS in  Escherichia coli . Of 45  Legionella  spp. whole genomes examined, 19 (42%) were determined to possess  lssB  and  lssD  homologs. Of these 19, only 7 (37%) are known pathogens. There was no difference in the proportions of disease associated and non-disease associated species that possessed the RtxA T1SS (p = 0.4), contrary to the current consensus regarding the RtxA T1SS. These results draw into question the nature of RtxA and its T1SS as a singular virulence factor. Future studies should investigate mechanistic explanations for the association of RtxA with virulence.

plos one

Whole genome sequence analysis reveals the broad distribution of the RtxA type 1 secretion system and four novel putative type 1 secretion systems throughout the Legionella genus