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The Duffy blood group plays a key role in  Plasmodium knowlesi  and  Plasmodium vivax  invasion into human erythrocytes. The geographical distribution of the Duffy alleles differs between regions with the  FY*A  allele having high frequencies in many Asian populations, the  FY*B  allele is found predominately in European populations and the  FY*B   es   allele found predominantly in African regions. A previous study in Peninsular Malaysia indicated high homogeneity of the dominant  FY*A/FY*A  genotype. However, the distribution of the Duffy genotypes in Malaysian Borneo is currently unknown. In the present study, the distribution of Duffy blood group genotypes and allelic frequencies among  P .  knowlesi  infected patients as well as healthy individuals in Malaysian Borneo were determined. A total of 79  P .  knowlesi  patient blood samples and 76 healthy donor samples were genotyped using allele specific polymerase chain reaction (ASP-PCR). Subsequently a  P .  knowlesi  invasion assay was carried out on  FY*AB/ FY*A  and  FY*A/ FY*A  Duffy genotype blood to investigate if either genotype conferred increased susceptibility to  P .  knowlesi  invasion. Our results show almost equal distribution between the homozygous  FY*A/FY*A  and heterozygous  FY*A/FY*B  genotypes. This is in stark contrast to the Duffy distribution in Peninsular Malaysia and the surrounding Southeast Asian region which is dominantly  FY*A/FY*A . The mean percent invasion of  FY*A/FY*A  and  FY*A/FY*B  blood was not significantly different indicating that neither blood group confers increased susceptibility to  P .  knowlesi  invasion.

Distribution of the Duffy genotypes in Malaysian Borneo and its relation to Plasmodium knowlesi malaria susceptibility