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The present study reports on observations carried out in the Tropical North Atlantic in summer and autumn 2017, documenting  Sargassum  aggregations using both ship-deck observations and satellite sensor observations at three resolutions (MSI-10 m, OLCI-300 m, VIIRS-750 m and MODIS-1 km). Both datasets reported that in summer, S argassum  aggregations were mainly observed off Brazil and near the Caribbean Islands, while they accumulated near the African coast in autumn. Based on  in situ  observations, we propose a five-class typology allowing standardisation of the description of  in situ Sargassum  raft shapes and sizes. The most commonly observed  Sargassum  raft type was windrows, but large rafts composed of a quasi-circular patch hundreds of meters wide were also observed. Satellite imagery showed that these rafts formed larger  Sargassum  aggregations over a wide range of scales, with smaller aggregations (of tens of m 2  area) nested within larger ones (of hundreds of km 2 ). Match-ups between different satellite sensors and  in situ  observations were limited for this dataset, mainly because of high cloud cover during the periods of observation. Nevertheless, comparisons between the two datasets showed that satellite sensors successfully detected  Sargassum  abundance and aggregation patterns consistent with  in situ  observations. MODIS and VIIRS sensors were better suited to describing the  Sargassum  aggregation distribution and dynamics at Atlantic scale, while the new sensors, OLCI and MSI, proved their ability to detect  Sargassum  aggregations and to describe their (sub-) mesoscale nested structure. The high variability in raft shape, size, thickness, depth and biomass density observed  in situ  means that caution is called for when using satellite maps of  Sargassum  distribution and biomass estimation. Improvements would require additional  in situ  and airborne observations or very high-resolution satellite imagery.

From In Situ to satellite observations of pelagic Sargassum distribution and aggregation in the Tropical North Atlantic Ocean