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In order to establish effective conservation strategy, drivers of local and regional patterns of biodiversity need to be understood. The composition of local biodiversity is dependent on a number of factors including evolution and redistribution of lineages through dispersal and environmental heterogeneity. Brazilian  canga  is characterised by a ferrugineous substrate, found both in the Iron Quadrangle of Minas Gerais and in the Carajás mountains in Amazonia.  Canga  is one of several specialised habitat types comprising Brazilian  campo rupestre , a montane vegetation found within or adjacent to several major Brazilian bioregions, including the Atlantic Forest and Amazonia, with exceptionally high levels of diversity and endemism arising from both history of dispersal and environmental variation. In order to inform biodiversity conservation for  canga , and more broadly for  campo rupestre , we performed floristic and phylogenetic analyses investigating affinities between 28 sites on different substrates ( canga  and quartzite) and geographic locations (Carajás, Pará [Amazonia]; Cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais; Chapada Diamantina, Bahia). Through analysis of 11204 occurrences of 4705 species of angiosperms, we found that Amazonian Carajás  canga  plant communities formed a cohesive group, distinct from species assemblages found in Eastern Brazil (Minas Gerais, Bahia), either on  canga  or quartzite. The phylogenetic megatree of species across all sites investigated shows associations between certain clades and Amazonian  canga , with few shared species between the Amazonian Carajás and Eastern Brazil sites, while the floristic comparison shows high levels of heterogeneity between sites. The need for reserves for Amazonian Carajás  canga  has been recognized and addressed by the creation of a national park. However, current sampling does not provide sufficient reassurance that the  canga  areas now benefitting from full legal protection adequately represent the regional  canga  flora.

Plotting a future for Amazonian canga vegetation in a campo rupestre context