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The Brazilian stingless bee  Scaptotrigona depilis  requires the brood cells-associated fungus  Zygosaccharomyces  sp. as steroid source for metamorphosis. Besides the presence of  Zygosaccharomyces  sp., other fungi inhabit  S .  depilis  brood cells, but their biological functions are unknown. Here we show that  Candida  sp. and  Monascus ruber , isolated from cerumen of  S .  depilis  brood provisions, interact with  Zygosaccharomyces  sp. and modulate its growth.  Candida  sp. produces volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that stimulate  Zygosacchromyces  sp. development.  Monascus ruber  inhibits  Zygosacchromyces  sp. growth by producing lovastatin, which blocks steroid biosynthesis. We also observed that in co-cultures  M .  ruber  inhibits  Candida  sp. through the production of monascin. The modulation of  Zygosaccharomyces  sp. growth by brood cell-associated fungi suggests their involvement in  S .  depilis  larval development. This tripartite fungal community opens new perspectives in the research of microbial interactions with bees.

Microbial community modulates growth of symbiotic fungus required for stingless bee metamorphosis