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In the border region between Brazil and French Guiana, American cutaneous leishmaniasis is a worrisome public health issue, and entomological studies are required there to better identify classical and putative emerging transmission patterns. The present study aimed to detect and characterize  Leishmania  DNA in the phlebotomine population of Oiapoque (Amapá State, Brazil). Phlebotomines were captured in anthropized and wild environments in the outskirts of Oiapoque municipality, using CDC light traps installed in vertical (ground/canopy level) and horizontal (peridomicile/extradomicile/forest-edge/forest) strata. Captured specimens were identified according to their morphology. Females were processed for  Leishmania  DNA detection and characterization using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction targeting kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) and the phlebotomine cacophony gene. The kDNA positive samples were characterized by cloning and sequencing the  Leishmania  234 bp- hsp70  gene. Among the 3957 phlebotomine specimens captured, 26 pooled female samples were positive for  Leishmania  ( Viannia ) spp. DNA. Sequencing analysis allowed species-specific identification of  L . ( V .)  braziliensis  DNA in  Trichophoromyia ininii ,  Bichromomyia flaviscutellata ,  Nyssomyia umbratilis , and  Evandromyia infraspinosa , and  L . ( V .)  guyanensis  DNA in  Ny .  umbratilis . A pooled sample of  Ny .  umbratilis  was positive for both  L . ( V .)  braziliensis  and  L . ( V .)  guyanensis  DNA. The present study provided additional information regarding ACL ecology in Oiapoque, highlighting the presence of  L . ( V .)  braziliensis  DNA in different phlebotomine species. The epidemiological implications of these findings and the determinant incrimination of  L . ( V .)  braziliensis  as proven vectors in that region must be clarified. In this regard, studies on  Leishmania  spp. infection and suggestive anthropophilic behavior of associated phlebotomines need to be prioritized in entomological surveillance.

plos one

Leishmania DNA detection and species characterization within phlebotomines (Diptera: Psychodidae) from a peridomicile-forest gradient in an Amazonian/Guianan bordering area