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Longitudinal studies of bone adaptation in mice using  in vivo  micro-computed tomography ( μ CT) have been commonly used for pre-clinical evaluation of physical and pharmacological interventions. The main advantage of this approach is to use each mouse as its own control, reducing considerably the sample size required by statistical power analysis. To date, multi-scale estimation of bone adaptations become essential since the bone activity that takes place at different scales may be associated with different bone mechanisms. Measures of bone adaptations at different time scales have been attempted in a previous study. This paper extends quantification of bone activity at different spatial scales with a proposition of a novel framework. The method involves applying level-set method (LSM) to track the geometric changes from the longitudinal  in vivo μ CT scans of mice tibia. Bone low- and high-spatial frequency patterns are then estimated using multi-resolution analysis. The accuracy of the framework is quantified by applying it to two times separated scanned images with synthetically manipulated global and/or local activity. The Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) was approximately 1.5 voxels or 0.7 voxels for the global low-spatial frequency or local high-spatial frequency changes, respectively. The framework is further applied to the study of bone changes in longitudinal datasets of wild-type mice tibiae over time and space. The results demonstrate the ability for the spatio-temporal quantification and visualisation of bone activity at different spatial scales in longitudinal studies thus providing further insight into bone adaptation mechanisms.

A new method to monitor bone geometry changes at different spatial scales in the longitudinal in vivo μCT studies of mice bones