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Exposure to air pollution particulate matter (PM) and tuberculosis (TB) are two of the leading global public health challenges affecting low and middle income countries. An estimated 4.26 million premature deaths are attributable to household air pollution and an additional 4.1 million to outdoor air pollution annually.  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  ( M . tb ) infects a large proportion of the world’s population with the risk for TB development increasing during immunosuppressing conditions. There is strong evidence that such immunosuppressive conditions develop during household air pollution exposure, which increases rates of TB development. Exposure to urban air pollution has been shown to alter the outcome of TB therapy. Here we examined whether  in vitro  exposure to urban air pollution PM alters human immune responses to  M . tb . PM 2.5  and PM 10  (aerodynamic diameters <2.5μm, <10μm) were collected monthly from rainy, cold-dry and warm-dry seasons in Iztapalapa, a highly populated TB-endemic municipality of Mexico City with elevated outdoor air pollution levels. We evaluated the effects of seasonality and size of PM on cytotoxicity and antimycobacterial host immunity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from interferon gamma (IFN-γ) release assay (IGRA)+ and IGRA- healthy study subjects. PM 10  from cold-dry and warm-dry seasons induced the highest cytotoxicity in PBMC. With the exception of PM 2.5  from the cold-dry season, pre-exposure to all seasonal PM reduced  M . tb  phagocytosis by PBMC. Furthermore,  M . tb -induced IFN-γ production was suppressed in PM 2.5  and PM 10 -pre-exposed PBMC from IGRA+ subjects. This observation coincides with the reduced expression of  M . tb -induced T-bet, a transcription factor regulating IFN-γ expression in T cells. Pre-exposure to PM 10  compared to PM 2.5  led to greater loss of  M . tb  growth control. Exposure to PM 2.5  and PM 10  collected in different seasons differentially impairs  M . tb -induced human host immunity, suggesting biological mechanisms underlying altered  M . tb  infection and TB treatment outcomes during air pollution exposures.

Season and size of urban particulate matter differentially affect cytotoxicity and human immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis