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Aquaponics (AP) is a semi-closed system of food production that combines aquaculture and hydroponics and represents a new agricultural system integrating producers and consumers. The aim of this study was to test the effect of stocking densities (APL, 2.5 kg m -3 ; APH, 4.6 kg m -3 ) on water quality, growth performance of the European Carp ( Cyprinus carpio  L.), and yield of leafy vegetables (catalogna, lettuce, and Swiss Chard) in a low-technology AP pilot system compared to a hydroponic cultivation. The AP daily consumption of water due to evapotranspiration was not different among treatments with an average value of 8.2 L d -1 , equal to 1.37% of the total water content of the system. Dissolved oxygen was significantly (p < 0.05) different among treatments with the lowest median value recorded with the highest stocking density of fish (5.6 mg L -1 ) and the highest median value in the hydroponic control (8.7 mg L -1 ). Marketable yield of the vegetables was significantly different among treatments with the highest production in the hydroponic control for catalogna (1.2 kg m -2 ) and in the APL treatment for Swiss Chard (5.3 kg m -2 ). The yield of lettuce did not differ significantly between hydroponic control and APL system (4.0 kg m -2  on average). The lowest production of vegetables was obtained in the APH system. The final weight (515 g vs. 413 g for APL and APH, respectively), specific growth rate (0.79% d -1  vs. 0.68% d -1 ), and feed conversion (1.55 vs. 1.86) of European Carp decreased when stocking density increased, whereas total yield of biomass was higher in the APH system (4.45 kg m -3  vs. 6.88 kg m -3 ). A low mortality (3% on average) was observed in both AP treatments. Overall, the results showed that a low initial stocking density at 2.5 kg m -3  improved the production of European Carp and of leafy vegetables by maintaining a better water quality in the tested AP system.

Effect of stocking density of fish on water quality and growth performance of European Carp and leafy vegetables in a low-tech aquaponic system