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Diaphorina citri  is a vector of ‘ Candidatus  Liberibacter asiaticus, ’  ( C Las), associated with Huanglongbing, (HLB, or citrus greening) disease in citrus.  D .  citri  exhibits three different color morph variants, blue, gray and yellow. Blue morphs have a greater capacity for long-distance flight as compared to non-blue morphs, but little else is known about how color morphology influences vector characteristics. In this study, we show that the color morphology of the insect is derived from pigmented cells of the fat body. Blue morphs acquire a lower level of  C Las in their bodies from infected trees as compared to their gray and yellow conspecifics, referred to in this paper collectively as non-blue morphs. Accordingly,  C Las titer in citrus leaves inoculated by non-blue insects was 6-fold higher than in leaves inoculated by blue insects. Blue color morphs harbored lower titers of  Wolbachia  and ‘ Candidatus  Profftella armatura,’ two of the  D .  citri  bacterial endosymbionts. Expression of hemocyanin, a copper-binding oxygen transport protein responsible for the blue coloration of hemolymph of other arthropods and mollusks, was previously correlated with blue color morphology and is highly up-regulated in insects continuously reared on  C Las infected citrus trees. Based on our results, we hypothesized that a reduction of hemocyanin expression would reduce the  D .  citri  immune response and an increase in the titer of  C Las would be observed. Surprisingly, a specific 3-fold reduction of hemocyanin-1 transcript levels using RNA silencing in blue adult  D .  citri  morphs had an approximately 2-fold reduction on the titer of  C Las. These results suggest that hemocyanin signaling from the fat body may have multiple functions in the regulation of bacterial titers in  D .  citri , and that hemocyanin is one of multiple psyllid genes involved in regulating  C Las titer.

Color morphology of Diaphorina citri influences interactions with its bacterial endosymbionts and ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’