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The Asian citrus psyllid  Diaphorina citri  Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Psylloidea: Liviidae) is an important pest of citrus species worldwide because it transmits  Candidatus  Liberibacter spp. ( Alphaproteobacteria ), the causative agents of an incurable citrus disease known as huanglongbing or greening disease.  Diaphorina citri  possesses a vertically-transmitted intracellular symbiont,  Candidatus  Profftella armatura ( Betaproteobacteria ), which produces diaphorin, a polyketide that is significantly toxic to mammalian cells. Diaphorin is an analog of pederin, a defensive polyketide in the body fluid of  Paederus  rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) that deters predators. In the present study, as a first step to assess the possibility that diaphorin is toxic to biological control agents, we assayed diaphorin activities against insects and fungi. The target cells and organisms were (a) the Sf9 cell line derived from the fall armyworm moth  Spodoptera frugiperda  (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), (b) the pea aphid  Acyrthosiphon pisum  (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aphidoidea: Aphididae), a phloem sap-sucking insect that is closely related to psyllids, (c) the Asian lady beetle  Harmonia axyridis  (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), one of the major predators of  D .  citri , and (d) the budding yeast  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  (Ascomycota: Saccharomycetes) as a model of fungal pathogens. For a comparison, we also evaluated pederin activities. The results of our analyses revealed the following: (1) Diaphorin and pederin are significantly toxic to the tested insects and yeast; (2) Their toxicities vary widely among the target cells and organisms; (3) Diaphorin is generally less toxic than pederin; (4) The toxicities of diaphorin and pederin are considerably different in the Sf9 insect cell line and  S .  cerevisiae , but similar in  A .  pisum  and  H .  axyridis ; and (5) The amount of diaphorin contained in  D .  citri  is toxic to all of the tested cells and organisms, suggesting that this polyketide is potentially harmful for biological control agents.

Diaphorin, a polyketide synthesized by an intracellular symbiont of the Asian citrus psyllid, is potentially harmful for biological control agents