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Senna  species and anthraquinone derivatives generated by these organisms, rhein and aloe-emodin, exert anti-inflammatory effects. These species present a similar morphology but produce different ingredients when they are used as medicinal products. In this study, a DNA barcoding- (Bar-) high-resolution melting (HRM) technique was developed using internal transcribed sequence 2 (ITS2) to differentiate between  Senna alata  and  Senna tora  as a result of significant differences in their melting profiles. We used this approach for confirmation of  S .  alata  and  S .  tora  raw materials, and we examined the chondroprotective properties of the ethanolic extracts of  S .  alata  and  S .  tora  using a porcine model of cartilage degradation induced by a combination of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and IL-1β. We found that both  Senna  ethanolic extracts, at a concentration of 25 μg/mL, effectively prevented cartilage degradation. Rhein and aloe-emodin were present in the extract of  S .  alata  but not in that of  S .  tora . We observed a reduction in the release of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (S-GAGs) and hyaluronic acid (HA) into media in both treatments of  Senna  extracts, which indicated proteoglycan preservation in explant tissues. These results suggest that neither rhein nor aloe-emodin are the main factors responsible for cartilage-protecting properties. Taken together, results show that both  S .  alata  and  S .  tora  are promising for further development as anti-osteoarthritic agents and that Bar-HRM using ITS2 could be applied for species confirmation with  Senna  products.

plos one

In vitro chondroprotective potential of Senna alata and Senna tora in porcine cartilage explants and their species differentiation by DNA barcoding-high resolution melting (Bar-HRM) analysis