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The innate immune system in insects is regulated by specific signalling pathways. Most immune related pathways were identified and characterized in holometabolous insects such as  Drosophila melanogaster , and it was assumed they would be highly conserved in all insects. The hemimetabolous insect,  Rhodnius prolixus , has served as a model to study basic insect physiology, but also is a major vector of the human parasite,  Trypanosoma cruzi , that causes 10,000 deaths annually. The publication of the  R .  prolixus  genome revealed that one of the main immune pathways, the Immune-deficiency pathway (IMD), was incomplete and probably non-functional, an observation shared with other hemimetabolous insects including the pea aphid ( Acyrthosiphon pisum ) and the bedbug ( Cimex lectularius ). It was proposed that the IMD pathway is inactive in  R .  prolixus  as an adaptation to prevent eliminating beneficial symbiont gut bacteria. We used bioinformatic analyses based on reciprocal BLAST and HMM-profile searches to find orthologs for most of the “missing” elements of the IMD pathway and provide data that these are regulated in response to infection with Gram-negative bacteria. We used RNAi strategies to demonstrate the role of the IMD pathway in regulating the expression of specific antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the fat body of  R .  prolixus . The data indicate that the IMD pathway is present and active in  R .  prolixus , which opens up new avenues of research on  R .  prolixus-T .  cruzi  interactions.

plos one

Rhodnius prolixus: Identification of missing components of the IMD immune signaling pathway and functional characterization of its role in eliminating bacteria