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Prophages are commonly found in  Listeria  genomes, potentially enhancing survival or fitness of  Listeria  spp. Currently, there is still limited information on the distribution of prophages among  Listeria  isolates of different allelic types and from various sources. In this study, by using mitomycin C induction, prophages were found in 23/144 isolates (16.0%), including 13  L .  monocytogenes  and 10  Listeria  spp. isolates, resulting in 28 and 11 induced phages, respectively. These prophage-carrying isolates (lysogens) were obtained from foods and food-related environments presenting 3 common allelic types (ATs) of  L .  monocytogenes  (lineage I, II and IV), 4 ATs of  L .  innocua  and 1 AT of  L .  welshimeri . The likelihood of prophage-carrying isolates of  L .  monocytogenes  was 14.4 (95% CI: 4.9–35.4), and 18.5 (95% CI: 4.8–50.2) for  Listeria  spp. The 39 induced phages were classified into 3 lysis groups by the host range test against 9 major serotypes of  L .  monocytogenes  and 5 species of  Listeria . Most phages were host-specific with higher ability to lyse  L .  monocytogenes  serotype 4 than other serotypes. The genome size of phages ranged from 35±2 kb to 50±2 kb and belonged to two common phage families,  Myoviridae  and  Siphoviridae . Restriction analysis classified 19 selected phages into 16 restriction profiles, suggesting highly diverse prophages with at least 16 types. This may contribute to the variation in the genomes of  Listeria . Information obtained here provides basic knowledge for further study to understand the overall role of prophages in  Listeria , including roles in survival or fitness in foods and food processing environments.

Characterization of Listeria prophages in lysogenic isolates from foods and food processing environments