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Stenotrophomonas maltophilia  ( S .  maltophilia ), a multi-drug resistant opportunistic pathogen, is associated with nosocomial and community-acquired infections. Preventive and therapeutic strategies for such infections are greatly needed. In this study, sequence alignment analysis revealed that Outer membrane protein A (OmpA) was highly conserved among  S .  maltophilia  strains but shared no significant similarity with human and mouse proteomes. In mice, intranasal immunization with  S .  maltophilia  recombinant OmpA (rOmpA) without additional adjuvant induced sustained mucosal and systemic rOmpA-specific antibody responses. Treatment with rOmpA stimulated significantly higher levels of secretion of IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-17A (All  P <0.05) from the primary splenocytes isolated from rOmpA-immunized mice than from the primary splenocytes isolated from PBS-immunized mice. Furthermore, mice immunized with rOmpA showed significantly reduced bacterial burden in the lung and reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) 24 hours after intranasal  S .  maltophilia  infection, indicating that immunization with rOmpA may have protective effects against  S .  maltophilia  challenge in mice. Our findings suggest that intranasal immunization with rOmpA may induce mucosal and systemic immune responses in mice, trigger Th1- and Th17-mediated cellular immune responses, and thus stimulate host immune defense against  S .  maltophilia  infection. These results also demonstrate that intranasal vaccination may offer an alternative approach to current strategies since it induces a mucosal as well as a systemic immune response.

Intranasal immunization with recombinant outer membrane protein A induces protective immune response against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infection