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Background  Despite the increased report of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors, its impact on mosquito’s life-traits after exposure to insecticide-treated nets remains under investigated. Here, we assessed the effects of exposure to PermaNet 2.0 on several life traits of  An .  gambiae  s.l. and  An .  funestus  s.l. field mosquitoes in Cameroon.    Methodology  Female  Anopheles  mosquitoes were collected indoor using electric aspirators in southern Cameroon (Obout) in 2016. After assessing the resistance status of F 1  from the field collected-mosquitoes, progeny of the first generation ( An .  funestus  s.l.) and seventh generation ( An .  gambiae  s.l.) were used to assess the long-term effect of exposure to PermaNet 2.0 on several life-traits of these vectors (longevity, blood feeding ability, fecundity and fertility) in comparison to untreated net. In addition, the L119F-GSTe2 mutation associated with DDT/pyrethroids resistance in  An .  funestus  was genotyped to assess its association with increased life-span post-exposure.    Principal findings  Both  An .  funestus  and  An .  gambiae  were resistant to pyrethroids and DDT with a greater level in the latter. Pyrethroid-only nets PermaNet 2.0 (17.5% mortality) and Olyset (0% mortality) exhibited a significantly reduced efficacy against  An .  funestus  in contrast to a greater efficacy for PBO-based Nets Olyset Plus (65% mortality), PermaNet 3.0 top (100% mortality). In both species, mosquitoes that survived exposure to PermaNet 2.0 exhibited a significantly reduced longevity than those non-exposed (6.95 days vs 12.46 for  An .  funestus P<0 . 001 ; 8.87 vs 11.25 days for  An .  gambiae; P<0 . 001 ). However, no significant difference was observed for blood feeding and fecundity in both species. In addition, molecular analysis of the L119F-GSTe2 mutation revealed that this mutation is associated with an increase in the chance of surviving after exposure to this net in  An .  funestus .    Conclusions  These results show that although the PermaNet 2.0 presents a reduced efficacy against resistant populations, it remains efficient after exposure by reducing the life expectancy of the vectors which could contribute in the reduction of malaria incidence.

plos one

Exposure to the insecticide-treated bednet PermaNet 2.0 reduces the longevity of the wild African malaria vector Anopheles funestus but GSTe2-resistant mosquitoes live longer