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Trimethylation of histone H3K36 (H3K36me3), an epigenetic marker of transcription-associated histone modification and stem cell regulation, is expressed in a variety of human cancers. This study elucidated the prognostic significance of H3K36me3 in patients with resectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).    Methods  Expression of H3K36me3 was retrospectively evaluated through immunohistochemistry in 152 surgically resected primary HCCs.    Results  In nontumorous liver parenchyma, H3K36Me3 was detected in bile ducts but not in hepatocytes. H3K36me3 was positive in 104 (68.4%) of the HCCs. Positivity for H3K36me3 was associated with high level of serum α-fetoprotein (&gt;200 ng/mL,  P  = 0.0148), high tumor grade ( P  = 0.0017), and high tumor stage ( P  = 0.0008). Patients with H3K36me3-positive tumors were more likely to have lower 5-year disease-free survival and 5-year overall survival than those with H3K36me3-negative tumors ( P  = 0.0484 and  P  = 0.0213, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that H3K36me3 positivity was an independent predictor of high tumor grade ( P  = 0.0475) and high tumor stage ( P  = 0.0114) and thus contributed to poor prognosis. Furthermore, H3K36me3 positivity was significantly correlated with the expression of biliary markers cytokeratin 19 (CK19) and hepatocyte nuclear factor 1β ( HNF1β ) ( P  &lt; 0.0001 and  P  = 0.0005, respectively). Combinatorial analysis revealed that CK19 and  HNF1β  expression individually exerted additive prognostic adverse effects on HCCs with H3K36me3 positivity.    Conclusions  Our study indicates that H3K36me3 positivity is associated with the expression of biliary markers and is a crucial predictor of poor prognosis in resectable HCC.

Increased Trimethylation of histone H3K36 associates with biliary differentiation and predicts poor prognosis in resectable hepatocellular carcinoma