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Researchers in many disciplines have previously used a variety ofmathematical techniques for analyzing group interactions. Here we use a newmetric for this purpose, called 'integrated information' or 'phi.' Phi wasoriginally developed by neuroscientists as a measure of consciousness inbrains, but it captures, in a single mathematical quantity, two properties thatare important in many other kinds of groups as well: differentiated informationand integration. Here we apply this metric to the activity of three types ofgroups that involve people and computers. First, we find that 4-person workgroups with higher measured phi perform a wide range of tasks more effectively,as measured by their collective intelligence. Next, we find that groups ofWikipedia editors with higher measured phi create higher quality articles.Last, we find that the measured phi of the collection of people and computerscommunicating on the Internet increased over a recent six-year period.Together, these results suggest that integrated information can be a useful wayof characterizing a certain kind of interactional complexity that, at leastsometimes, predicts group performance. In this sense, phi can be viewed as apotential metric of effective group collaboration. Since the metric wasoriginally developed as a measure of consciousness, the results also raiseintriguing questions about the conditions under which it might be useful toregard groups as having a kind of consciousness.

Integrated Information as a Metric for Group Interaction: Analyzing Human and Computer Groups Using a Technique Developed to Measure Consciousness