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The impact of probiotics on dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome (AHDS) has not been evaluated so far. The study aim was to assess the effect of probiotic treatment on the clinical course, intestinal microbiome, and toxigenic  Clostridium perfringens  in dogs with AHDS in a prospective, placebo-controlled, blinded trial.    Methods  Twenty-five dogs with AHDS with no signs of sepsis were randomly divided into a probiotic (PRO; Visbiome, ExeGi Pharma) and placebo group (PLAC). Treatment was administered for 21 days without antibiotics. Clinical signs were evaluated daily from day 0 to day 8. Key bacterial taxa,  C .  perfringens  encoding  NetF  toxin and enterotoxin were assessed on days 0, 7, 21.    Results  Both groups showed a rapid clinical improvement. In PRO a significant clinical recovery was observed on day 3 (p = 0.008), while in PLAC it was observed on day 4 (p = 0.002) compared to day 0. Abundance of  Blautia  (p<0.001) and  Faecalibacterium  (p = 0.035) was significantly higher in PRO on day 7 compared to day 0, while in PLAC the abundance of  Faecalibacterium  was not significantly higher on any study day and  Blautia  (p = 0.016) was only significantly higher on day 21 compared to day 0. Abundance of  C .  perfringens  was significantly lower on day 7 (p = 0.011) compared to day 0 in PRO but not in PLAC. Enterotoxin genes were significantly lower in PRO on day 21 (p = 0.028) compared to PLAC. Fecal samples of 57% of all dogs were positive for  netF  toxin genes on day 0 and the abundance was significantly lower on day 7 compared to day 0 in PRO (p = 0.016) and PLAC (p = 0.031).    Conclusion  The probiotic treatment was associated with an accelerated normalization of the intestinal microbiome. Dogs with aseptic AHDS showed a rapid decrease of  netF  toxin genes and fast clinical recovery in both groups under symptomatic treatment without antibiotics.

plos one

Effect of probiotic treatment on the clinical course, intestinal microbiome, and toxigenic Clostridium perfringens in dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea