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Muscle proteins with ankyrin repeats (MARPs) ANKRD1 and ANKRD2 are titin-associated proteins with a putative role as transcriptional co-regulators in striated muscle, involved in the cellular response to mechanical, oxidative and metabolic stress. Since many aspects of the biology of MARPs, particularly exact mechanisms of their action, in striated muscle are still elusive, research in this field will benefit from novel animal model system. Here we investigated the  MARPs  found in zebrafish for protein structure, evolutionary conservation, spatiotemporal expression profiles and response to increased muscle activity. Ankrd1 and Ankrd2 show overall moderate conservation at the protein level, more pronounced in the region of ankyrin repeats, motifs indispensable for their function. The two zebrafish genes,  ankrd1a  and  ankrd1b , counterparts of mammalian  ANKRD1/Ankrd1 , have different expression profiles during first seven days of development. Mild increase of  ankrd1a  transcript levels was detected at 72 hpf (1.74±0.24 fold increase relative to 24 hpf time point), while  ankrd1b  expression was markedly upregulated from 24 hpf onward and peaked at 72 hpf (92.18±36.95 fold increase relative to 24 hpf time point). Spatially, they exhibited non-overlapping expression patterns during skeletal muscle development in trunk ( ankrd1a ) and tail ( ankrd1b ) somites. Expression of  ankrd2  was barely detectable. Zebrafish  MARPs , expressed at a relatively low level in adult striated muscle, were found to be responsive to endurance exercise training consisting of two bouts of 3 hours of forced swimming daily, for five consecutive days. Three hours after the last exercise bout,  ankrd1a  expression increased in cardiac muscle (6.19±5.05 fold change), while  ankrd1b  and  ankrd2  were upregulated in skeletal muscle (1.97±1.05 and 1.84±0.58 fold change, respectively). This study provides the foundation to establish zebrafish as a novel  in vivo  model for further investigation of MARPs function in striated muscle.

Characterization of zebrafish (Danio rerio) muscle ankyrin repeat proteins reveals their conserved response to endurance exercise