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Trichogramma  is a kind of egg parasitoid wasp that is widely used to control lepidopterous pests. Temperature is one of the main factors that determines the various life activities of this species, including development, reproduction and parasitism efficiency. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are highly conserved and ubiquitous proteins that are best known for their responsiveness to temperature and other stresses. To explore the potential role of HSPs in  Trichogramma  species, we obtained the full-length cDNAs of six HSP genes ( Tchsp10 ,  Tchsp21 . 6 ,  Tchsp60 ,  Tchsp70 ,  Tchsc70-3 , and  Tchsp90 ) from  T .  chilonis  and analyzed their expression patterns during development and exposure to temperature stress. The deduced amino acid sequences of these HSP genes contained the typical signatures of their corresponding protein family and showed high homology to their counterparts in other species. The expression levels of  Tchsp10 ,  Tchsp21 . 6  and  Tchsp60  decreased during development. However, the expression of  Tchsc70-3  increased from the pupal stage to the adult stage.  Tchsp70  and  Tchsp90  exhibited the highest expression levels in the adult stage. The expression of six  Tchsps  was dramatically upregulated after 1 h of exposure to 32 and 40°C but did not significantly change after 1 h of exposure to 10 and 17°C. This result indicated that heat stress, rather than cold stress, induced the expression of HSP genes. Furthermore, the expression of these genes was time dependent, and the expression of each gene reached its peak after 1 h of heat exposure (40°C).  Tchsp10  and  Tchsp70  exhibited a low-intensity cold response after 4 and 8 h of exposure to 10°C, respectively, but the other genes did not respond to cold at any time points. These results suggested that HSPs may play different roles in the development of this organism and in its response to temperature stress.

Molecular characterization and expression of six heat shock protein genes in relation to development and temperature in Trichogramma chilonis