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Malaria is an infectious disease caused by parasites from the genus  Plasmodium (P .  falciparum  and  P .  vivax  are responsible for 90% of all clinical cases); it is widely distributed throughout the world’s tropical and subtropical regions. The  P .  vivax Pv 12 protein is involved in invasion, is expressed on merozoite surface and has been recognised by antibodies from individuals exposed to the disease. In this study, B- and T-cell epitopes from  Pv 12 were predicted and characterised to advance in the design of a peptide-based vaccine against malaria.  For evaluating the humoral response of individuals exposed to natural  P .  vivax  infection from two endemic areas in Colombia, BepiPred-1.0 software was used for selecting B-cell epitopes. B-cell epitope 39038 displayed the greatest recognition by naturally-acquired antibodies and induced an IgG2/IgG4 response. NetMHCIIpan-3.1 prediction software was used for selecting peptides having high affinity binding for HLA-DRβ1* allele lineages and this was confirmed by  in-vitro  binding assays. T-epitopes 39113 and 39117 triggered a memory T-cell response (Stimulation Index≥2) and significant cytokine production.  Combining  in-silico ,  in-vitro  and functional assays, two  Pv 12 protein regions (containing peptides 39038, 39040, 39113 and 39117) have thus been characterised as promising vaccine candidates against  P .  vivax  malaria.

Plasmodium vivax Pv12 B-cell epitopes and HLA-DRβ1*-dependent T-cell epitopes in vitro antigenicity